Researchers identify four genetic autism subtypes

Analysis of autistic children reveals genes linked to traits and developmental trajectories

Researchers at Princeton University and the private non-profit Simons Foundation have identified four clinically and biologically distinct subtypes of autism. Analysing data from over 5,000 children in an autism cohort study, the researchers used a computational model to group individuals based on their combinations of traits, and linked these to separate genetic profiles.

The study defines the four subtypes as:

  • Social and behavioral challenges (37%): children in this group show core autism traits like social difficulties and repetitive behaviors, but reach developmental milestones like walking and talking on time. They are more likely to have co-occurring conditions such as ADHD, anxiety, depression or OCD.
  • Moderate challenges (34%): this group shows less pronounced autism traits and tends to reach developmental milestones on time. They typically do not have co-occurring mental health conditions.
  • Mixed ASD with developmental delay (19%): these children experience delays in early milestones but usually don’t show signs of anxiety or depression. There is variation within this group in terms of how social and repetitive behaviours appear.
  • Broadly affected (10%): the smallest group faces greater challenges, including developmental delays, communication difficulties, repetitive behaviours and mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression.

Researchers hope that the findings will lead to improved diagnosis and personalised support for autistic people.

The study of genetic causes of autism is controversial, with support groups and individuals expressing concern that data could be used to further eugenic applications. Neurodiversity campaigners advocate for changes in society to allow autism and other neurodivergent conditions to be accepted as part of normal human variation, rather than problems to be identified and cured – the social vs. medical model of disability.

For more information, click on the links for an article on the Princeton University website, and the study findings published in Nature Genetics. ∎

New wristband helps neurodivergent people communicate with emergency services

The new Neurodiversity ID (NDID) wristband launched by Devon & Cornwall Police

Wearable technology helps blue light services provide support when attending emergency incidents

Devon & Cornwall Police have launched a pilot aimed at improving the way blue light services support neurodivergent (ND) people when attending emergency incidents.

The project involves the use of green wristbands, known as ‘Neurodiversity IDs’ (NDIDs), that can be worn by ND individuals. When scanned by emergency services, the embedded chip provides vital information about the person so that responders on scene can give them the right help at the time.

The wristbands, designed in collaboration with the ND community, were designed to share details of a person’s neurodivergence, how an individual communicates best, any medical needs they may have and emergency contact details for their next of kin.

The aim is that the NDIDs will support improved interactions and communication between police officers, other emergency services and the wearer.

“We know that emergency situations can sometimes be overwhelming,” said PC John Holland, who supported with the launch of the trial alongside PC Dudley Rowe.

“The wristbands are about putting the person at the centre of our response so we can make sure our communication and care is appropriate from the very first moment.

“The information that they provide will give us the tools we need to make sure our officers handle incidents in the most effective way possible.”

PC Holland added: “We know that we haven’t always got it right in the past, but these wristbands offer an opportunity for us to continue to progress and improve the service we provide to the neurodivergent community.”

The development of the wristbands involved Devon & Cornwall Police, Autistic Community of Cornwall, National Police Autism Association and the National Youth Neurodiversity Council. The wristbands were obtained from Seritag.

The bands use near-field communication technology (NFC) chips and can be scanned by first responders, caregivers and community members.

The initiative is being launched in the Cornwall area – pilot leads are working with local policing teams and partners to identify those able to participate.

If the pilot is successful, the Force hopes the project will be rolled out across Devon and Cornwall.

The pilot has been funded by the Proceeds of Crime Act (POCA).

Click on the links to view a news article on the Devon & Cornwall Police website, and a FAQ (frequently-asked questions) PDF providing more information on the project. ∎

Self-esteem and me

My battle with self-perception

by Daley Jones
Co-Chair | ADHD Alliance

One of the biggest fights I battle with every single day is self-esteem. More specifically, the terrible way I perceive myself and my inability to recognise my achievements professionally and in my personal life.

What follows is a list of things that I have achieved, or contributed significantly to, since I was diagnosed with ADHD. I’d like to be clear – this is not me boasting. The point will become clear…

  • Co-Founder and Co-Chair of the ADHD Alliance, the national ADHD support group for police officers and staff. As of February 2025 (our third anniversary) we have 1,721 members nationwide.
  • Co-written ADHD in Custody with the amazing people from Neurodiversity in Law. The guide has been adopted by Cumbria Constabulary and is present in their custody centres. It is also an educational resource by the national appropriate adult network (NAAN).
  • Completed over 100 hours of ADHD/neurodiversity awareness sessions – reaching thousands of people both inside and outside of policing.
  • In 2024 I won the NPCC Disability in Policing Disability Advocate of The Year Award and won the Disability Category in the Metropolitan Police Diversity and Inclusion Awards in the same year.

There are other things, but you get the point. I’ve done quite a lot. And I am proud.

But let me tell you, I still think very poorly of myself. At this point in my life, thinking poorly of myself has become second nature. I will give you some examples.

A good friend of mine has been helping me prepare for an internal interview. He said to me, “Oh and another thing, I know it’s very ‘you’ but try to cut down on the self-depreciation whilst in interview, you are supposed to be selling yourself”. My initial reaction was, “Good advice that, I do this often”. But when I stopped for a moment and thought about it, I was hit with a wave of sadness.

“This is what people see. And what I put out to the wider world.”

I often meet officers of senior rank. I sometimes leave these meetings with the genuine belief: “These people don’t care what you have to say, why would they?” I’ll moan to friends, saying “They don’t take me seriously”. I am grateful that some of these friends who have been present in said meetings will tell me: “I don’t know why you think that. What you were saying made sense, and I’m pretty sure the others were listening to you quite intently.”

My default position in life. The voice that always turns up first in my head and says: “YOU ARE NOT GOOD ENOUGH”.

You might ask why this might be? Especially when there are numerous occasions where there is no actual evidence for my poor self-perception. Well. I’m no expert. But this is my theory.

I wasn’t diagnosed with ADHD until I was 36. I was further diagnosed with dyspraxia (DCD) at 37. I’ve lived the majority of my life not understanding why I was not necessarily able to do the things my neurotypical friends and colleagues could do with relative ease. At school I was frequently told off for mucking around. At university, I was incapable of doing any of my coursework until about a day before it was due. This led to all-nighters and often missing deadlines. It didn’t help my self-image that my friend and housemate did the same course. We’d both get the coursework, get the books from the library, and sit down to start the work weeks before the deadline. Except my brain said, “Mate, you’ve got ages… pub?” I’d see him relaxing around the deadline and ask, “Why can’t I do this? I must be lazy, incompetent, and stupid.

I often tell people that I think my dyspraxia has probably caused me even more self-esteem damage than my ADHD. I love taking part in sport and competition. But if there was technique involved in anything, I was incapable of getting it. I tried and failed, tried and failed. It got to a point where I stopped trying. I called in sick for three sports days in a row because I’d always be put forward for the high jump. No one else wanted to do it, and I was ‘tall’. But anyone who’s tried the high jump knows it’s the technique that’s the key – something I could never master.

I love and have always loved playing football. I still do, but if you were to play with me, you’d hear me mutter or shout at myself “Stupid”, “You idiot” and “How did you miss that?” As I say, I’m tall, six feet five inches. Therefore, in football there’s a perception that I’ll be good in the air and able to make a decent keeper. But I can never get my timing or sequencing right. And would frequently find myself unable to judge a header. I often joke, that when I play in goal, by the time my brain has worked out where a ball is travelling and have got my body to react accordingly, the ball is already in the net.

Immediately after being diagnosed with ADHD I started to meet fellow ADHD-ers. Amongst the many shared experiences, I kept meeting people who are incredibly creative. Artists, painters, graphic designers. It started to make me feel there was something wrong with me. My fine motor skills are appalling. If you have ever been lucky enough to have received a present from me, you would probably and quite naturally assume I had gotten one of my children to wrap it. Sellotape everywhere, too much paper here, not enough there. Once, famously, on a cruise, I stood in front of a mirror trying to do up a bow tie, with a YouTube video on showing how it was done. I eventually had to call room service, and a very kind member of hospitality staff came and did it for me.

I can’t do technical DIY tasks. I’m not a believer in ‘men’s jobs’ and ‘women’s jobs’, but society still seems very keen to categorise them. Trust me, I’m lucky that my lovely wife is a dab hand. We often laugh when we’ve had workmen in the house. They always make a bee-line for me to explain the technical stuff. I sigh and point them towards my wife. “She’s the practical one mate” I sigh.

I am afraid all of this has had its effect over time. And this conditioning and experience of my life is what I am fighting against. I’ve always said that my ADHD and dyspraxia diagnoses are ranked in my list of ‘happiest days of my life’. It’s because in those moments, I was finally able to say, “It’s not all your fault buddy”.

To end this on a slightly more cheerful and hopeful note – my perception of myself now, following my diagnoses, is CONSIDERABLY better than it has ever been.

After being diagnosed I finally got to a point where I felt ‘worthy’ of applying for positions I had previously thought I wasn’t good enough to apply for. I also put myself forward for my sergeant’s exam. I have been successful in both.

I have recently been attending a self-esteem support group run by NHS Buckinghamshire Talking Therapies. Whilst I am still unsure of CBT as a concept, for me it has been invaluable in helping me to realise I am not alone in my experiences. What is hard for friends, family and colleagues to understand is that rationally I am fully aware of my achievements, my strengths and the immense good I try to give daily.

It’s a cliché, but I feel I am on a journey. I can see the progress I have made in these four years. I am hopeful I can continue this trajectory. And maybe one day I can think of myself as the person that people continue to tell me I am. A good person. Who is loved, and respected. ∎

This blog was originally written for the ADHD Alliance – it is reproduced here with kind permission of the author